Es inside the precompression band induce little flection levels. It truly is That stated, they the precompression band induce smaller ment behavior It can be thought that overpredict the actual actuator performance at higher dedeviations. In anyis case, closing the loop betweenthe precompression band induce smaller deviations. In It case, closing the loop between deflection commanded and deflection flection levels. any thought that nonlinearities in deflection commanded and deflection generated isis effortless by using a uncomplicated PIV loop with strain gagecommanded and deflection generated In any applying a straightforward PIV loop with strain gage sensors measuring bending deviations. straightforward bycase, closing the loop involving deflection sensors measuring bending and hence effortless by utilizing a simple PIV loop with strain gage sensors measuring bending and consequently rotational deflections. generated is rotational deflections. and therefore rotational deflections.Actuators 2021, ten,generated predictable, common deflections, matching theory and experiment just about precisely. From Figure 14, it can be clear that the models capture the undeflected root pitching moment behavior properly. That said, they overpredict the genuine actuator efficiency at high deflection levels. It really is thought that nonlinearities inside the precompression band induce smaller 12 deviations. In any case, closing the loop involving deflection commanded and deflectionof 15 generated is simple by using a straightforward PIV loop with strain gage sensors measuring bending and consequently rotational deflections.Actuators 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW12 ofFigure 14. Quasi-Static Moment-Deflection Final results. Figure 14. Quasi-Static Moment-Deflection Final results.Dynamic testing was conducted employing a sinusoidal excitation for the open-loop reDynamic Figure was uncomplicated to see a resonance peak excitation Hz using a Caroverine Data Sheet corner response. From testing 15, itconducted employing a sinusoidal about 22 for the open-loop fresponse. of roughly it straightforward A Limit Dynamic Driver (LDD) was Pyrrolnitrin References created to push quency From Figure 15, 28 Hz. to see a resonance peak around 22 Hz using a corner frequency of approximately 28higher Limit Dynamic Driver (LDD) was created to push the dynamic response to far Hz. A levels. This Limit Driver was developed to overdrive the dynamic response to far greater levels. Thisto the edge breakdown fieldto overdrive the the PZT elements in their poled directions up Limit Driver was created strengths, though PZT components in their poled directions up to the edge breakdownReverse field strengths observing tensile limits (governed by temperature constraints). field strengths, when observing tensile limits (governed by temperature constraints). Reverse to eliminate the going against the poling path were limited to just 200 V/mm so as field strengths going against the poling directionpowerlimited to just 200 V/mm was under 320 mW at 126 danger of depoling. The total peak have been consumption measured so as to do away with the risk of depoling. The total peak power via the 150 Hz corner. The voltage riseat 126limit Hz (the pseudo resonance peak) consumption measured was beneath 320 mW price Hz (the pseudo resonance peak) through the 150 Hz corner. werevoltage to breakdown throughout through testing was limited to 8.six MV/s, as the actuators The driven rise price limit voltage testing was restricted to eight.six MV/s, because the actuators had been driven to breakdown voltage limits. limits. Mainly because edge, atmospheric, and through-thickness breakdown field strengths are Becausenonlinear, experimenta.