S Total 40 NAMathematics 2021, 9,15 ofTable 5. Configuration of WDN making use of the proposed method
S Total 40 NAMathematics 2021, 9,15 ofTable 5. Configuration of WDN employing the proposed approach without N-1 reliability. Added Circuits Location 52 72 233 53 333 363 No. Circuits 1 1 two 2 1 2 Lc 86 66 56 130 45 72 FCLs Sz (p.u) 1.134 1.827 0.6775 0.576 0.0602 0.941 Generation Units Unit No. G.14 G.15 G.16 G.18 G.19 G.23 Bus No. 29 32 36 41 42 53 Danger Scenarios Total.No scenarios5.2.2. Impact of Like FCL Allocation and Sizing in the G TEP Trouble The influence of such as FCL allocation and sizing within the G TEP challenge was studied, contemplating two methods. The short-circuit penalty price was 1000 million USD. Inside the initial method, WDN was planned concerning the candidate routes and generation stations recommended in Fathy et al. [31]. The short-circuit present constraint was embedded inside the model without the need of making use of the FCLs introduced by Teimourzadeh et al. [16] and Wang et al. [17]. Figure 8 shows that the short-circuit currents at buses 5, 6, 7, 8, 31, 36, 41, 42, and 53 exceeded six.05 p.u.Figure 8. The contour of short-circuit present at every bus devoid of employing FCLs.In the second method, the technique was planned thinking of the modification in Section five.1. Related to the very first strategy, FCL allocation and sizing have been not incorporated within the issue. For Situation Quantity 24, it was identified that the short-circuit existing at Buses 5, 6, 14, 36, 41, and 42 exceeded the maximum limit, as observed in Figure eight. Each approaches demonstrated that the dependence on new circuit areas to mitigate the raise in short-circuit current just isn’t beneficial in some power systems [34,35]. Hence, embedding FCLs throughout G TEP is crucial. five.two.three. Configuration of WDN Considering N-1 Security For N-1 security constraints, the three-level complications had been solved. The final WDN configuration, taking into consideration uncertainties and the reliability constraints, is presented inMathematics 2021, 9,16 ofTable six, Figures 9 and ten. Table six shows that 13 circuits, 42 FCLs, and five wind units had been constructed at the end of your planning period.Table 6. Final configuration of WDN. Added Circuits Place 52 62 72 76 253 233 333 313 343 363 83 NA No. Circuits 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 two Lc 419, 81 478, 118 60, 56 54, 139 130, 34 62, 490 52, 62 72, 363 253, 313 83, 37 36, 51 465, 201 FCLs Sz (p.u) 3,three 3,three three,three 3,three 3,three 3,3 3,3 three,three 3,3 3, 1.327 1.363, 1.47 0.485, two.654 Unit No. G.9 G.15 G.16 G.18 G.19 G.23 Generation Units Bus No. 29 32 36 41 42NAFigure 9. Final configuration on the WDN.Mathematics 2021, 9,17 ofFigure 10. WDN planning with/ without the need of like N-1 security: (a) quantity of LS for every situation; (b) the contour of maximum short-circuits existing for every single situation.Figure 10a shows that like N-1 safety inside the arranging model leads to a noticeable reduction inside the amount of LS for every single situation. The maximum LS was lowered from 426.28 MW to 154.35 MW. Apart from, the numerical results demonstrated that integrating the load shedding challenge with N-1 security analysis is crucial for some energy systems because the candidate transmission routes, and generation unit might not preserve the energy system’s reliability and security performance through contingencies. Figure 10b depicts that the SCC Oxytetracycline supplier didn’t exceed the maximum worth, which refers to SCC constraints had been achieved. 6. Discussion Within this work, a generation and transmission expansion strategy for the WDN was proposed. The problem was formulated as a tri-level optimization dilemma, plus the scenariobased technique was adopted to model the uncertainties. A hybridiz.