(Table 1). In lots of systems, N-myristoylation and palmitoylation promote proteinmembrane interactions. AtCPK2, AtCPK10, AtCPK3, TaCPK2 and TaCPK5 have been predicted to have an N-myristoylation motif and have been shown to be associated with plasma membranes [24,37,49]. Also, OsCPK19 has been experimentally shown to become myristoylated and palmitoylated and then targeted towards the membrane fraction [50]. While AtCPK5, AtCPK6, TaCPK3 and TaCPK15 lacked myristoylation motifs, these genes had been also shown to become associated together with the membranes [37]. In maize, both ZmCPK4 and ZmCPK5 had an N-myristoylation motif and were predominately localized for the plasma membrane (our unpublished data and See Added file 1: Figure S1); nevertheless, while ZmCK1 (ZmCPK3) was predicted to possess an N-myristoylation motif, a ZmCK1::hGFP fusion protein was not too long ago found to localize towards the cytoplasm and nucleus [51]. These final results suggest that other motifs may perhaps affect the membrane association of these genes. In Arabidopsis, rice and wheat, many of the calmodulinlike domains of CDPKs include four Ca2+ binding EF hands, enabling the protein to function as a Ca2+ sensor. Sequential deletion with the EF hands demonstrated that the number and position of EF hands may be vital for figuring out the Ca2+ regulation of CDPK activity.Trastuzumab deruxtecan More not too long ago, Franz et al.Sarecycline hydrochloride (2011) showed that N-terminal EF1 and EF2 motifs of AtCPK21 had been far more vital forKong et al. BMC Genomics 2013, 14:433 http://www.biomedcentral/1471-2164/14/Page 3 ofTable 1 Characteristics of CDPKs from maizeName (earlier name) ZmCPK1 ZmCPK2 (ZmCDPK1) ZmCPK3 (ZmCK1) ZmCPK4 (ZmCDPK7) ZmCPK5 ZmCPK6 ZmCPK7 ZmCPK8 ZmCPK9 ZmCPK10 ZmCPK11 ZmCPK12 ZmCPK13 (ZmCDPK10) ZmCPK14 ZmCPK15 (ZmCDPK11) ZmCPK16 ZmCPK17 ZmCPK18 ZmCPK19 ZmCPK20 ZmCPK21 ZmCPK22 ZmCPK23 ZmCPK24 ZmCPK25 ZmCPK26 ZmCPK27 (ZmCDPK2) ZmCPK28 (ZmCDPK9) ZmCPK29 ZmCPK30 ZmCPK31 ZmCPK32 ZmCPK33 ZmCPK34 ZmCPK35 ZmCPK36 ZmCPK37 ZmCPK38 ZmCPK39 ZmCPKa b c and dID GRMZM2G314396_T01 DaAlternative splicing 3 3 two 5 two 2 2 3 three three two 4 3 2 3CDs 1644 1479 1671 1665 1689 1467 1635 1755 1743 1941 1827 1863 1920 1527 1533 1548 1548 1533 1842 1659 1746 1620 1593 1383 1620 1596 1542 1596 1626 1623 1611 1707 1617 1608 1620 1620 1620 1539 1569Amino acid 547 492 556 554 562 488 544 584 580 646 608 620 639 508 510 515 515 510 613 552 581 539 530 460 539 531 513 531 541 540 536 568 538 535 539 539 539 512 522MW (kDa) 604 547 612 616 619 539 617 641 637 717 664 677 695 565 566 568 568 562 675 600 634 607 599 525 610 594 581 594 605 602 602 628 604 603 608 608 608 575 585N-terminal MGNACSGA MRRGGAGA MGNACGGA MGNACGGA MGNTCGVT MGGHQLHL MGNQCPNG MGNTCVGP MGNTCVGP MGNVCVGP MGNTCVGP MGNTCVGP MGNTCVGP MQPDPSGN MQPDPSGN MQPDPQGS MQPDPQGP MGNCCPGS MRPSVSMI MGQCCSKG MGQCCSKG MGGRASRH MGNRASRH MEDVKATY MGNCFTRK MGQCCSRA MVMAILTR MGQCCSRA MGNCCRSP MGNCCRSP MGNCCRSP MGGCYSAF MGNCCAAP MGNCCATP MGNCCVTP MGNCCVTP MGNCCVTP MGLCSSST MGACFSSA MGACFSSAN-Myristoylation Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes YesNo.PMID:23907051 of EF hands four four four four four 4 1 four four 4 4 four 4 four four 4 4 4 4 4 four four four 4 4 4 four 4 three three 3 4 four 4 four four 4 four 4GRMZM2G321239_T01 D87042 b GRMZM2G081310_T01 GRMZM2G347047_T01 GRMZM2G032852_T02 GRMZM2G027351_T01 GRMZM2G121228_T01 GRMZM2G353957_T01 GRMZM2G028926_T01 GRMZM2G320506_T01 AJ007366 c GRMZM2G035843_T01 GRMZM2G047486_T01 GRMZM2G347226_T01 GRMZM2G463464_T01 GRMZM2G167276_T01 GRMZM2G340224_T01 GRMZM2G365815_T01 GRMZM2.